The founding and activities of the Pharmacy Division of the Vilnius Medical Society.

The Pharmacy Division of the Vilnius Medical Society was founded in 1819. It was the first and only pharmacy organization in Lithuania until the beginning of the 20th century. At the time of its founding, there were only three other pharmacy organizations in the Russian Empire: the Riga Chemical-Pharmaceutical Society (1803), the Mitau (now Jelgava) Pharmacy Society (1808) and the St. Petersburg Pharmacy Society (1818). The Division did much to improve the practice of pharmacy, enhance pharmaceutical knowledge and education, support and encourage pharmaceutical research, as well as provide a forum for discussion of all matters of interest and concern to the pharmacy profession. Through its publications, rich library and study collections, pharmacists in Vilnius and the Vilnius governorate stayed abreast of all the major developments and discoveries in the medical and pharmaceutical sciences. After the closing of Vilnius University in 1832 and of the Vilnius Medical-Surgical Academy in 1842, the Vilnius Medical Society, and hence its Pharmacy Division, lost its academic base. Pharmaceutical chemistry suffered especially. Pharmacists turned their attention to their practices and business interests. Their interest in the Society waned and their membership dwindled. In the beginning of the 20th century, especially after Lithuania regained its independence in 1918, other organizational opportunities opened up to them.

Theophilus Redwood, héroe de la farmacia británica, primer Presidente de "The Society of Public Analysts". Parte I / Theophilus Redwood, hero of the British pharmacy, first President of "The Society of Public Analysts". Part I

En este trabajo se incide en el tema de la adulteración de los alimentos en Gran Bretaña durante el siglo XVIII en la etapa previa a la creación de la "Society of Public Analysts". En la lucha contra el fraude alimentario y los aspectos que ello conlleva (analíticos, legales, educativos) radica el origen de esta asociación, que sigue a la "Chemical Society" en antigüedad en lo que respecta a las de ámbito científico. Theophilus Redwood, farmacéutico, uno de los héroes de la farmacia británica, fue su primer presidente. Con el tiempo "The Society of Public Analysts" pasa a ser "The Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, que otorga el "Theophillus Redwood Award" a los analistas que se destacan además de por sus trabajos científicos por su capacidad de comunicación. Se comentan detalles de la vida de Redwood, de su vinculación con la "Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain", la "British Pharmacopeia", y la Farmacia Práctica. Redwood fue Presidente del 5º Congreso Internacional de Farmacia celebrado en Londres, una de las etapas previas a la creación de la Federación Internacional Farmacéutica (FIP)

The topic of adulteration in Great Britain during the 18th century before the formation of the Society of Public Analyst is dealt with in this paper. It is in the fight against the food fraud and relating subjects, e.g. analytical, legal and educational, where the origin of this society is found. This association of scientific area follows the "Chemical Society" in antiquity. Theophilus Redwood, pharmacist, one of the heroes of the British pharmacy was his first president. With the time "The Society of Public Analysts" became the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry, who grants the Theophillus Redwood Award to praise analysts who are characterized by this communication ability in addition to this scientific work. Details of the life and work of Redwood are commented, as well as of his entail by the "Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain", the "British Pharmacopeia", and the Practical Pharmacy. Redwood was President of 5º International Congress of Pharmacy celebrated in London, one of the stages in the creation of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)

Forty Years of ACPE CPE Accreditation.

The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Continuing Pharmacy Education (CPE) Provider Accreditation Program has been in existence for 40 years. During this time, the program has expanded and has been offered to a various types of providers, not only academic-based providers. ACPE credit has been offered to an increasing number of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and other health professionals. This paper explains the evolution of the CPE Provider Accreditation Program, including the Definition of Continuing Education for the Profession of Pharmacy, its standards, types of activities (knowledge, application, and practice), CPE Monitor, Joint Accreditation for Interprofessional Continuing Education, and Continuing Professional Development (CPD).

Sociedades científicas en Cienfuegos: el centro médico farmacéutico:(1881-1885) / Scientific societies in Cienfuegos: the pharmaceutical medical center: (1881-1885)

Es indudable que el estudio de la actividad científica a través del devenir histórico nacional puede ayudar a comprender mejor los procesos sustantivos de nuestra cultura e identidad nacionales. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar el proceso de fundación y desarrollo del Centro Médico Farmacéutico de Cienfuegos. A partir de fuentes documentales, se analiza la actividad de dicho centro y se revelan aspectos inéditos de su integración, funcionamiento y contribución a la sociedad cienfueguera, por lo cual el trabajo contribuirá a la construcción de una historia social de la ciencia en la provincia de Cienfuegos(AU)

Unquestionably the scientific activity study throughout the national historical evolution can provide a better understanding of the substantive due process of our national cultural and national identity. The present paper is aimed at explaining the process of foundation and development of the Cienfuegos pharmaceutical medical center. On the basis of documentary sources, the activity of the center is analyzed and unpublished elements are shown on its integration, functioning and contribution to the Cienfuegos society. Therefore this work will contribute to the construction of a science social history in the province(AU)

Pharmaceutical studies during the Second Empire in the Gaceta Médica de México. / Los estudios farmacéuticos en el Segundo Imperio a través de la Gaceta Médica de México.

Pharmaceutical activities during the Second Empire have been neglected by historians of science in recent decades, even though pharmacy was an important discipline in Mexico City. This is shown by analyzing 12 papers published in the Gaceta Médica de México, the journal of the Sociedad Médica de México. Examination of these papers helps us understand the interests, practices and pharmaceutical activities of some of this group's physicians and pharmacists, as well as detailing scientific endorsement of the therapeutic use of Mexican flora. This allows us to trace a historical continuity in the activities of pharmacists in the capital city throughout the nineteenth century. Abstract Pharmaceutical activities during the Second Empire have been neglected by historians of science in recent decades, even though pharmacy was an important discipline in Mexico City. This is shown by analyzing 12 papers published in the Gaceta Médica de México, the journal of the Sociedad Médica de México. Examination of these papers helps us understand the interests, practices and pharmaceutical activities of some of this group's physicians and pharmacists, as well as detailing scientific endorsement of the therapeutic use of Mexican flora. This allows us to trace a historical continuity in the activities of pharmacists in the capital city throughout the nineteenth century.

[1916 and the two major pharmaceutical journals at that time : the " Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie", the official journal of the Pharmacist' Society of Paris, and the " Bulletin des sciences pharmacologiques"].

When looking at the content of both of them in the middle of the First World War, indeed one can see a number of articles related to the war, but also several other topics : it is the year of the new law on toxic drugs with the creation of A, B and C classification of drugs. The controversy about pharmaceutical specialties and the growing influence of the pharmaceutical industry still remain an important issue in 1916. It is also an eventful year for the history of pharmacy, three years after the creation of the French Society of History of Pharmacy. One can read also several biographies of pharmacists who died in 1916, not only in relation to war, and of famous pharmacists like Gerhardt (not only for the discovery of aspirin) who was born one century ago. macy, three years after the creation of the French Society of History of Pharmacy. One can read also several biographies of pharmacists who died in 1916, not only in relation to war, and of famous pharmacists like Gerhardt (not only for the discovery of aspirin) who was born one century ago.

"Made Up from Many Experimentall Notions": The Society of Apothecaries, Medical Humanism, and the Rhetoric of Experience in 1630s London†.

This article examines an important new manuscript discovery: a set of lectures delivered at the Society of Apothecaries in 1634 by four members of the Society. No evidence of the intellectual and methodological assumptions of the apothecaries in this period has previously been known; the article contextualizes the lectures, and identifies the authors-a prominent group of apothecaries centered on the controversial John Buggs and the botanist Thomas Johnson. It then proceeds to discuss the contents of the lectures, which consist, to a remarkable extent, of reflections on the nature of physic and pharmacy inspired by the works of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century medical humanists. The apothecaries used the resources of medical humanism to raise the status of pharmacy as a medical discipline, and to argue for the proficiency of the apothecary as a fully fledged physician. Moreover, they emphasized the role of operative arts and used the rhetoric of "experiment" and "experience" in ways that might seem, on first impression, to foreshadow the "new science" that would soon emerge in England. As such, the lectures allow us to make not only some major revisions to existing accounts of the apothecary-physician relationship and the intellectual assumptions behind it, but also to some prominent recent literature in the social history of science and the history of the concept of "experimental philosophy."